| Affiliation | 1997 census[1] | 2007 census[2][3] |
|---|---|---|
| Christian | 49.1% | 56.1% |
| Catholic | 23.8% | 28.4% |
| Zionist Christian | 17.5% | 15.5% |
| Evangelical | 7.8%[note 1] | 10.9% |
| Anglican | -[note 2] | 1.3% |
| Muslim | 17.8% | 17.9% |
| None | 23.1% | 18.7% |
| Other/Unknown | 10.0% | 7.3% |
| Notes | ||
According to the most recent census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics in 2007, 56.1% of the population of Mozambique were Christian, 17.9% were Muslim, 18.7% had no religion and 7.3% adhered to other beliefs.[3]
Religious communities are dispersed throughout the country.[4] The northern provinces are predominantly Muslim, particularly along the coastal strip, but some areas of the northern interior have a stronger concentration of Protestant or Catholic communities.[4] Protestants and Catholics are generally more numerous in the southern and central regions, but Muslim minority populations are also present in these areas.[4]
The National Directorate of Religious Affairs in the Ministry of Justice states evangelical Christians represent the fastest growing religious group in the country.[4] Generally religious communities tend to draw their members from across ethnic, political, economic, and racial lines.[4] The growing South Asian immigrant population is predominantly Muslim and follows the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence.[4]
There are 732 religious denominations and 144 religious organizations registered with the Department of Religious Affairs of the Ministry of Justice.[4] During the reporting period 10 denominations and 20 religious organizations were registered.[4] Major Christian religious groups include Anglican, Baptist, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Congregational, Methodist, Nazarene, Presbyterian, Jehovah's Witnesses, Roman Catholic, Seventh-day Adventist, and Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, as well as evangelical, apostolic, and Pentecostal churches.[4] Many small, independent Protestant and Catholic churches that have split from mainstream denominations fuse African traditional beliefs and practices within a Christian framework.[4]
The overwhelming majority of Muslims are Sunni and Sufi, with a tiny Shi'a minority (a few families) principally of South Asian origin.[4] The three principal Islamic organizations are the Islamic Congress, the Islamic Council, and the [Asian] Muslim Community.[4] The Kuwaiti-funded and Sudanese-managed nongovernmental organization (NGO) African Muslim Agency conducted humanitarian work, as did the Muslim development agency Aga Khan.[4]
Jewish, Hindu, and Bahá'í Faith groups are registered and constitute a very small percentage of the population.[4]
The country's leading mosques and the Catholic Church have tried to eliminate some traditional indigenous practices from their places of worship, instituting practices that reflect a stricter interpretation of sacred texts; however, some Christian and Muslim adherents continue to incorporate traditional practices and rituals, and religious authorities have generally been permissive of such practices.[4]
Foreign missionary groups operate freely in the country.[4] Some groups offer religious teaching centers to their local communities, while others provide scholarships for students to study in their respective countries.[4]
The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice.[4]
The ruling party of Mozambique since independence, known as Frelimo, became predominantly Marxist during the liberation war. After independence, it declared the state secular and it nationalised all schools and health facilities, until then owned and run in their majority by religious institutions. Faced by resistance, the new state emprisonned some clerics in 1975 and 1976 and banned all Jehovah Witnesses to a district in Zambezia in 1977.[5]
In response to the changes in the social and religious situation after Mozambique, the Roman Catholic church vented public criticism. Catholic bishops condemned a god-less society and criticised the death penalty and re-education camps. In 1978 it decided to transform into a church of communities, something the state understood as an move towards resistance to Socialism, rather than the collaboration stated by some Bishops. The result was an outright attack on all relgiion on the part of the state.[6]
From early 1979, the regime attempted to discredit the church on the basis of the history of the colonial church, and it begun a campaign to close churches, prevent religious activities and restrict the movements of religious staff. Catholic and other religious institutions resisted, more or less openly. By 1980, resistance was often open and bad international criticism was rife, something which convinced Frelimo to change its stance.[5]
Several Protestant groups in Mozambique had strong allegiance to the Frelimo government, potentially because many in the Frelimo leadership (including the late national hero Eduardo Mondlane) had been trained in Protestant schools and the World Council of Churches had supported the Mozambique institute in Dar-es-Salaam during the war of liberation.[7] But many non-Catholic churches suffered much none the less, not least the Jehovah Witnesses who were all deported to Zambezia and the Nazarene Church which saw many of its missionaries emprisonned.
Islam suffered probably most however during the Anti-religious campaign, because of the plain misunderstanding or prejudice of the Frelimo leadership. Ministers thought for example that raising pigs was a good idea to combat under-development and they genuinally did not understand resistance on the part of Muslims in the north of the country. Some long-lasting trauma was thus created.[8]
Renamo benefitted from Frelimo anti-religious attack. Some campaigning was done nationally and internationally by the rebel movement on the subject of religion in 1978 already, but with little long-lasting impact however - only some radical American and English Pentecostal groups openly sided with Renamo. The guerilla stance was indeed eventually ambiguous in relation to religious institutions, and the movement did not hesitate to take religious hostages or kill missionaries, national priests, pastors or nuns.
The anti-religious campaign of Frelimo formally ended in 1982 when the party in power held a big meeting with all the main religious institutions. On that occasion, it claimed mistakes had been made and national unity needed to prevail. State control of religious institutions continued after 1982, but the state attack on faith had come to an end.[9]
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